The mental health problems of teenagers are becoming increasingly prominent. The family is the environment in which individuals grow up after birth, which is generally composed of children and their parents. Teenagers are directly and profoundly influenced by the family during their growth. From the perspective of family, this paper classifies the integration of factors at the family level into five factors: family socioeconomic status, parental companionship, family conflict, family expectation and family structure. Gender, academic achievement and mental health are selected as relevant factors for adolescents. The data of China Family Panel Studies in 2018 are selected, and then a structural equation model is constructed to analyze the impact of family factors on adolescents’ mental health. The gender differences in structural pathways are compared by multi-group analysis, and the moderating effects of gender on family factors influencing mental health pathways are analyzed. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to study the effects of family structure and sibling structure on adolescents’ mental health.